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The Mitford Affair
The Mitford Affair
A Novel
by Marie Benedict

Paperback (5 Sep 2023), 416 pages.
Publisher: Sourcebooks
ISBN-13: 9781728282091
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From New York Times bestselling author Marie Benedict comes an explosive novel of history's most notorious sisters, one of whom will have to choose: her country or her family?

Between the World Wars, the six Mitford sisters―each more beautiful, brilliant, and eccentric than the next―dominate the English political, literary, and social scenes. Though they've weathered scandals before, the family falls into disarray when Diana divorces her wealthy husband to marry a fascist leader and Unity follows her sister's lead all the way to Munich, inciting rumors that she's become Hitler's mistress.

As the Nazis rise in power, novelist Nancy Mitford grows suspicious of her sisters' constant visits to Germany and the high-ranking fascist company they keep. When she overhears alarming conversations and uncovers disquieting documents, Nancy must make excruciating choices as Great Britain goes to war with Germany.

Probing the torrid political climate in the lead-up to World War II and the ways that seemingly sensible people can be sucked into radical action, The Mitford Affair follows Nancy's valiant efforts to stop the Nazis from taking over Great Britain, and the complicated choices she must make between the personal and the political.

Chapter One
Nancy

July 7, 1932
London, England

The mellifluous sounds of the symphony float throughout the ballroom. Servants pour golden champagne into the cut-­crystal glasses. The fabled Cheyne Walk house exudes perfection down to the last detail, nowhere more than in its hostess.

There, at the center of the vast ballroom, stands the stunning, statuesque figure in a floor-­length sheath of platinum silk, a shade that echoes her silvery-blue eyes. Her diamond-­laden arms outstretched in welcome to her guests, she radiates serenity and unflappable, irresistible poise. If she were anyone else—­someone I didn't know as intimately as I know myself—­I would judge that sphinxlike smile a charade. Or worse. But I know she is precisely as she appears, because she is Diana, my sister.

I wrest my eyes from her and glance around the gleaming gilt and marble ballroom, expansive enough to easily hold the three hundred guests in attendance. As the dancers begin to pair up and then organize themselves, the revelers appear to emanate from Diana like the rays of the sun. It is a pattern that has repeated itself since our childhood; she always dazzles at the center, with us sisters fanned out around her like lesser beams. Never mind that the press considers all six of us Mitford sisters the very essence of the so-­called Bright Young Things, she is the star.

The evening feels more like a celebration of the fashionable new home of Diana and her handsome, kindly husband Bryan Guinness, than a ball introducing one of our younger sisters, Unity, into society. Where has Unity scampered off to? I wonder, as I scan the crowded space for the spectacularly tall eighteen-­year-­old. Never one to abide by social dictates, she seems to have disappeared into the background instead of lapping up the attention as would be expected at an event in her honor. Finally, I spot her tucked into a shadowy corner, deep in conversation with our sister Pamela and our one and only brother, Tom, that golden boy of ours. Of my six siblings that leaves out only Jessica and Deborah, but they're too young to mingle in society.

Even though she pretends to be listening, Unity is clearly watching the other partygoers rather than engaging with Tom and Pamela. At least here at Cheyne Walk, she won't be required to curtsy twice and retreat backward as she'd had to do before the king and queen when she came out at Buckingham Palace. Poor Bobo, as we call her among ourselves, is not known for her grace, and we sisters had clutched one another's hands and held our breath until she'd completed the act without tripping and catapulting herself into one of Their Majesties' laps. Even then, she barely managed the feat without several awkward lunges and an initial backward step where her heel caught on her hem, sending a horrific tearing sound throughout the famous receiving room.

A shimmer of silver crosses the ballroom, and I observe Diana sashaying through the crowds. I think how alike Diana and Unity appear from a distance, both tall with their features blurred and blond hair flashing. Not so upon close inspection, and not only because Diana wears a seamless column of silver, while Unity sports a gray-­and-­white gown that is somehow ill fitting despite numerous trips to the tailor. For the millionth time, I give thanks that I was born with jet-­black hair and green eyes instead of blue; I'd never want to come up wanting by comparison to Diana.

The music pauses, and I see Evelyn Waugh across the expanse. Delight and warmth course through me at the sight of my dear friend. Only the appearance of my unofficial fiancé would bring me greater happiness. But I know that's impossible, as Hamish declared himself unavailable for this particular function, providing yet another reason for my parents, whom we call Muv and Farve, to dislike him, apart from the multiyear, oft-­delayed nature of our engagement. What ...

Full Excerpt

Excerpted from The Mitford Affair by Marie Benedict. Copyright © 2023 by Marie Benedict. Excerpted by permission of Sourcebooks. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.

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Please be aware that this discussion guide will contain spoilers!

  1. Before reading The Mitford Affair, were you familiar with the famous (or infamous, depending on your perspective) Mitford sisters? If so, how has your understanding of these eccentric, beautiful, aristocratic sisters changed, if at all?
  2. Nancy is concerned that Diana is considering divorce, particularly because her new partner will not be leaving his own marriage. Why is Nancy so concerned? What is behind Diana's decision?
  3. Unity thinks that the only thing that distinguishes her from her sisters is her awkwardness. What are her strengths? Why don't others notice them?
  4. Nicknames abound among the Mitford sisters. What purposes do these names serve?
  5. What was the appeal of fascist rhetoric for people in Britain, and people like Diana and Unity in particular? What promises did the BUF make? Had they attained power, would they have been able to keep those promises?
  6. Diana and Unity are reprimanded for attending the Nuremberg rally wearing bright lipstick. How were German beauty standards shaped by fascist ideas? What social issues are reflected in our modern beauty trends?
  7. How do Nancy's concerns about privacy, reputation, and loyalty affect her conversations with her sisters? What finally goads her into taking a more active role against their dangerous beliefs?
  8. While waiting to hear if she'll see Hitler during her time in Berlin, Diana has a moment of self-reflection and doubt that startles her. How do you think the events of the book would be different if she questioned herself more?
  9. On a couple of occasions, as she tries to make sense of her sisters' decisions against the complicated, incendiary developments happening across Europe, Nancy observes that political decisions are often based on personal motivations. What do you think this means in the context of Diana and Unity? Do you think that observation applies in modern times?
  10. Though Nancy is clever enough to understand the danger of the radio station documents, her loyalty to Diana wins out for a long time. How does that compare to Diana's treatment of Unity?
  11. Nancy asks herself, "Does [a single motivation] matter as long as we think we are acting on the side of right and truth? Or must we be on the actual side of right?" How would you answer those questions?
  12. the final chapter, Nancy suggests that she may have misapprehended her sisters' actions and the reasons underpinning them. Did this make you reassess the chapters attributed to Diana and Unity throughout the book? Is it possible that those accounts do not reflect what actually transpired (in the fictional world of The Mitford Affair) but Nancy's presumptions and projections about her sisters' activities based on her own, very personal beliefs?

Download reading guide, including author Q&A

 

Unless otherwise stated, this discussion guide is reprinted with the permission of Sourcebooks. Any page references refer to a USA edition of the book, usually the trade paperback version, and may vary in other editions.

Here are some of the recent comments posted about The Mitford Affair.
You can read the full discussion here, and please do participate if you wish.
Be aware that this discussion will contain spoilers!

Before reading The Mitford Affair, were you familiar with the Mitford sisters? If so, how has your understanding of these eccentric, beautiful, aristocratic sisters changed, if at all?
I was familiar with Nancy as I've read a few of her books. In the book, Widowhood, which I reviewed here, the Mitford sisters come into play a little bit. I also read about Unity in another book. I liked the fact that Benedict touches on the ... - scgirl

Did the final chapter make you reassess the chapters attributed to Diana and Unity throughout the book?
I think it was inevitable that Nancy would doubt herself and what she did - it was her family and she loved them very much. And I’m sure she was looking for affirmation, at least the author posed it that way. But I do think Nancy was a stronger... - juliep

Do you agree with Nancy's assessment that "marriage is such a dreadful gamble"?
I agree marriage is a gamble, not necessarily a dreadful one. Marriage is a union between two people who will continue to grow and to change and to face challenges. Will they grow apart or grow together. That is where the work begins. - reene

Do you think Great Britain was justified in imprisoning Diana and Oswald Mosley?
Absolutely! I was a little surprised there was no allowance for an upcoming trial but there was definite evidence that treason had been committed or intended. My only regret was that they let them be jailed together & that they eventually ... - tsquared

Do you think there is a way to remain loyal to someone without supporting their ideas and ambitions?
Yes, family and friends can coexist with different beliefs. We need to respect differences, However boundaries should be set and it should be made clear that certain behaviors are not acceptable. In the novel, Nancy spent so much time questioning ... - reene

How do Nancy's concerns about privacy, reputation, and loyalty affect her conversations with her sisters? What finally goads her into taking a more active role against their dangerous beliefs?
I agree with ruthea. Nancy knew that Churchill knew that she was hiding something. As the war progressed it was only a matter of time before Churchill called her in to find out what that was. It would be better for Nancy if Nancy came to him first. ... - linz

How do you think German beauty standards were shaped by fascist ideas? What social issues do you feel are reflected in our modern beauty trends?
The Aryan ideal outlined by Hitler seemed to make quite a difference to the Mitford sisters, part of what attracted them to Nazi philosophy perhaps. They took advantage of their natural height and slim figures and adopted Hitler's requirements ... - patriciag

How do you think the events of the book would be different if Diana had questioned herself more?
The events of this novel would have been different if Diana were allowed to *GO TO SCHOOL* and have a real career. It's the bassackward Victorian ideals of Muv & Farv that make the real roots of the problem here. Sure everyone ... - alisonk

Nancy asks herself, "Does [a single motivation] matter as long as we think we are acting on the side of right and truth? Or must we be on the actual side of right?" How would you answer those questions?
Often right and wrong are different for different people and cultures. I am sure that many of the German people who bought into fascism felt that they were doing the right thing, that Germany was treated badly at the Treaty of Versailles, and that ... - scgirl

Nancy observes that political decisions are often based on personal motivations. What do you think this means in the context of Diana and Unity? Do you think that observation applies in modern times?
Most of us seem to agree that personal motivations affect our decisions. Diana's are obvious, her love for Mosley. Unity, I believe, needed something in her life to show she was as good as her sisters. Personal motivations are certainly alive... - nancyh

Nicknames abound among the Mitford sisters. What purposes do these names serve?
As others have mentioned, the nicknames were used as a way of expressing their feelings towards one another, whether good or bad. I also think they were used as a special language created between the siblings. - lauriem

Overall, what do you think of "The Mitford Affair" (no spoilers)
I enjoyed reading The Mitford Affair. Marie Benedict did a wonderful job of giving the reader a glimpse into the Mitford family and this time period of history. I felt the material was well researched and a lot of thought and care was given while ... - lauriem

Though Nancy understands the danger of the radio station documents, her loyalty to Diana wins out for a long time. How does that compare to Diana's treatment of Unity?
It is hard to add to the above comments. I think we all agree that Diana would use whatever means available to help Mosley. She was prefectly willing to use Unity to get to Hilter. I believe Unity felt she got recognition in Germany that she did ... - nancyh

What are your thoughts about the "cults of personality" in the book?
I hadn't thought about the "cults of personality" but it does really come into play here and, perhaps in current politics as well.Leaders do particularly well when they are charismatic, appeal to a large group of people, render ... - scgirl

What do you see as Unity's strengths? Why don't others notice them? Does she gain new talents in Germany?
I don’t see her single mindedness as a strength because she carried it too far. The woman seemed to have no “stoppers.” She was hungry for attention and validation, and Hitler knew how to use that. - LeceP

What do you suppose was the appeal of fascist rhetoric for people in Britain, and people like Diana and Unity in particular?
I think the economic status of Britain after the Great War had many of Britain's citizens searching for leaders that would change their economic circumstances. During such trying times people are more apt to search out new leadership. &... - lauriem

What do you think sways the girls' parents to become supporters of Hitler and fascism?
Well said, Millicent! The fact that they didn't send any of the girls for an education (except for Unity, which was so that someone else could work with her idiosyncrasies) is indicative of their short-sightedness. - tsquared

Why do Decca and Nancy blame Diana for Unity's actions in Germany? Do you think it's fair?
I think they felt that it was Diana's duty to watch out over Unity while she was in Germany. Unity was a difficult person so it seemed that most of the family was glad to have someone else watching over her. I don't think they realized the ... - lauriem

Why do you feel Nancy is so concerned that Diana is considering divorce?
I agreed with Nancy that Diana seemed to have a perfect husband and two boys. She thought Diana would not be happy with Mosely, especially since he was married. Mosley was a gadabout, but Diana was a Fascist and she was attracted to Mosley's ... - sylviala

Why do you suppose the Mitford sisters were so emboldened to express their political opinions? Is one always entitled to free speech or are there limits? Where do you draw the line?
I don't think the Mitford girls ever gave the concept of free speech as a democratic principle a thought. They grew up in a rarified atmosphere where they said and did anything they wanted without thought of social consequences. - patriciag

Why do you think the author chose to focus on only three of Mitford children?
I agree with Elizabeth K. They were the three most closely involved with politics and the driving forces of the time. - rivkahh

A portrait of Great Britain's political landscape in the 1930s as seen through the eyes of the influential Mitford sisters

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Marie Benedict's The Mitford Affair follows the activities of three daughters of England's aristocratic Mitford family: Nancy (1904–1973), Diana (1910–2003) and Unity (1914–1948). Set in England in the 1930s, the novel's plot highlights the impact the trio had on British politics during the lead-up to World War II. Diana, a well-known beauty, divorces her husband Bryan Guinness (heir to the brewery fortune) to become the lover of Sir Oswald Mosley, a charismatic politician and founder of the British Union of Fascists (BUF) (see Beyond the Book). Nancy and Unity join Diana at BUF meetings, and although Nancy quickly rejects fascism, Unity, an odd, socially awkward girl, not only embraces it but finds among its members an acceptance she's never before enjoyed. She finagles a trip to Germany, where she captures the attention of Adolf Hitler, eventually becoming a member of his inner circle. Nancy watches from the sidelines, focusing on her burgeoning writing career but growing increasingly concerned about her sisters' political associations. Diana, meanwhile, eager to promote Mosley's cause, uses Unity's connections to try to win Germany's support for British fascism, with dire consequences for the entire Mitford clan.

Novels about England's political atmosphere just prior to WWII seem less common than books set during the actual conflict, yet they may be more relevant than ever as authoritarianism gains traction in some nations. Benedict demonstrates the time period's complexity remarkably well. We tend to think of Allied countries as uniformly anti-fascist, but the author really brings home the fact that the political landscape was nowhere near that simple. In clear prose that rotates among the three sisters' points of view, she brings this multi-faceted era to life. It's a fascinating slice of history.

Benedict's works tend to focus on women who were highly influential yet whose contributions have been largely forgotten over time — unsung heroines like Rosalind Franklin, the discover of DNA featured in Her Hidden Genius, or Clementine Churchill, whose influence on world events is outlined in Lady Clementine. Although The Mitford Affair follows this general formula by highlighting important yet little-known women, what sets it apart is that its central characters aren't admirable; they are, in fact, traitorous. The author takes a risk here, as some readers may find it challenging to enjoy a book with unlikeable main characters, but Benedict imbues Diana and Unity with enough humanity that most will be able to develop some understanding of their actions, if not empathy for the situations in which they find themselves.

The book moves along at a reasonable clip but does slow a bit in the middle sections. Perhaps its biggest drawback, though, is that its scope is so confined. Benedict largely limits the narrative to the perspectives of the three sisters, and as a result the novel feels like it's missing some potential context. The three young women — in particular their relationships with each other — are the book's primary focus, with the history surrounding them of secondary importance. Consequently the novel is less informative than some of Benedict's other historical fiction. It's a good introduction to the subject, but those well-versed in 1930s British history may find Benedict's treatment here not entirely satisfactory.

That said, The Mitford Affair opens an interesting window into the time period and into the lives of three noteworthy women of the day. Benedict vividly portrays the socialites and sheds much-needed light on their influence. I recommend the book to those interested in pre-war England or in the provocative Mitford sisters. Book groups that enjoy discussing historical fiction will want to take a look at this one.

Reviewed by Kim Kovacs

Booklist
Benedicts turns [The Mitfords'] remarkable story into made-for-Masterpiece historical fiction…just try to stop reading.

Library Journal
Captures the mood of a certain element of upper-class England in the years leading up to World War II. Appearances by historical figures like Winston Churchill and Evelyn Waugh round out the story. Fans of World War II historical fiction will be fascinated.

Publishers Weekly
Benedict delves into the Mitford family's fatal attraction to fascism and Hitler in her captivating latest...This engaging tale of genteel spies shifts easily between the sisters' perspectives and provides timely insight on British fascists and supporters of appeasement. Benedict's silky-smooth page-turner is sure to please her fans.

Author Blurb Allison Pataki, New York Times bestselling author of The Magnificent Lives of Marjorie Post
In her latest book The Mitford Affair, Benedict plunges readers into a world of glamorous, charismatic young British debutantes and then turns that shiny world on its head. I was blown away--learning this true story of the Mitford sisters and the roles they played for and against the Nazis was nothing short of astonishing. Benedict delivers with all that readers have come to love and expect from her: nuance, elan, and the most delicious storytelling.

Author Blurb Fiona Davis, New York Times bestselling author of The Magnolia Palace
An in-depth exploration of the complications and bonds of sisterhood. Benedict perfectly captures the anxiety and uncertainty of England's interwar years and serves as a timely reminder of the dangers of enigmatic autocrats. Fast-paced and eye-opening.

Author Blurb Janet Skeslien Charles, New York Times bestselling author of The Paris Library
Marie Benedict brings to life a dark chapter of World War II. Through grit and perseverance, three sisters – each more dazzling and intelligent than the last – work their way into the highest echelons of power. What happens when one no longer recognizes the siblings she was raised with? When caring turns to callousness? When love turns to rivalry? When the only choice is willful blindness or whistleblowing? One woman must decide whether to betray her sister or her country in this meticulously researched page-turner. Masterful.

Author Blurb Jennifer Chiaverini, New York Times bestselling author of Resistance Women
Timely and suspenseful, The Mitford Affair is an immersive, spellbinding novel that illuminates the terrible allure fascism holds for some, as well as the courage and moral clarity that enable others to resist even when beloved friends and family succumb.

Author Blurb Lauren Willig, New York Times bestselling author
Benedict unflinchingly peels away the giddy facade, revealing the tragedy beneath the one-liners in this close look at the Mitfords' darkest hour: the family's embrace of fascism and flirtation with treason in the face of World War II.

Write your own review

Rated 5 of 5 of 5 by Larry
The Human Mind and Heart
As the Psalmist wrote,"the human mind and heart are a mystery." Marie Benedict, in her historical novel The Mitford Affair illustrates this by giving us the possible, and likely in my opinion, thoughts and words of the Mitford family. The author focuses on Diana, and Unity, the two sisters most involved in the fascist movement in Britain before and after WW II. The focus is also on Nancy who is involved in their actions as a concerned sister. Diana becomes infatuated with Oswald Mosley, leader of the movement in Britain. Unity becomes equally mesmerized by Hitler. Nancy reflects on the events in their lives and the effect upon the family and the country. With hesitance and ambivalence Nancy learns the effect it has on her as well, leading her to make difficult moral choices regarding loyalty. As a student of the history of Germany from 1918 to 1945 I was led to the fascist movement in Britain and Oswald Mosley. It was only after reading the letters of Nancy Mitford that I began to develop an interest in the contentious, dysfunctional, aristocratic Mitford family. The Mitfords were no exception to Tolstoy's comment that all unhappy families are so in their own way. I found the words, thoughts and actions of all the Mitfords believable based on my limited knowledge of them through reading works of history, including Nancy's letters. Yet, one never knows for sure because the human mind and heart are a mystery. My readings of the era left me with a limited and factual view of the Mitfords. The author of this novel, however, left me with the understanding that despite their questionable actions and beliefs, the Mitfords were human beings who made choices that led to sad and unfortunate situations for themselves and others. Before reading the novel I saw Nancy as an author of caustic wit, a socialite and just another member of an eccentric family. I finished the novel seeing Nancy in a more positive light. We never know with any certainty why humans make the choices they do or their reasons for them. The question of how one can be drawn into personality cults is a timely one in the 2020s. Politics is highly personal, leading one down roads sometimes and explainable and sometimes not. The novel is a good read, a page-turner and one I highly recommend.

Rated 4 of 5 of 5 by Jean
An interesting perspective
I have long been intrigued by the Mitford sisters, who turned out so very differently. This novel is an interesting look at a period of time when things could have gone in many different directions, as illustrated by the very diverse trajectories just within the members of this family.

It's hard to feel any sympathy for Diana and Unity, though the author does a decent job of portraying their insecurities. When we wonder how so many people could support someone like Hitler or Mussolini, I think the current political situations in many countries can show how that came about.

Rated 4 of 5 of 5 by Karna
WW2 Historical Fiction
“The Mitford Affair” tells the story of a British aristocratic family in the years leading up to WWII.

I had not heard of the Mitford family. They are an intriguing, while disturbing, group. I was attracted to the book because of the author. Marie Benedict does an excellent job of researching history and capturing the essence of the culture and time surrounding her subjects.

The Mitfords were related to Winston Churchill’s wife. They were an upper crust, Kardashian type, British family. There were six sisters and one brother. Their home life as children seems dysfunctional by today’s standards. The girls were not allowed formal education and were left on their own to educate themselves. The resulting personalities were unique to say the least. Benedict focuses her storytelling primarily on three of the sisters. Diana was the one most noted for her beauty who had married young to the heir to the Guinness fortune, and shortly thereafter became involved with the leader of the British Union of Fascists (BUF), and pursued having influence over Hitler. Unity was the odd duck of the family who become overly infatuated with Hitler. Nancy was the most principled of the three, who wrote novels that thinly veiled the nefarious activity of her sisters, and had to ultimately choose between protecting her family and protecting her country.

I would recommend this work to anyone who loves Historical Fiction, anyone intrigued by WWII history, and to book clubs who enjoy discussing human nature.

Rated 4 of 5 of 5 by Susan Roberts
Historical Fiction
The Mitford family was a prominent part of English society in the years between World War I and II. The six sisters were considered the Bright Young Things of their time and they were all outspoken and strong women and were very close. Marie Benedict has written a historical fiction novel about this real family and the scandals that they created as England went to war with Germany.

Even though there were six sisters, the novel predominately focuses on three of them

-Diana was a beautiful woman who was married to the heir of the Guinness fortune She gave up her prominent place in society and divorced her husband to have an affair with the charismatic fascist leader who was still married.
-Unity was the sister who became a Nazi and was rumored to be the mistress of Hitler. She moved to Germany and was enthralled with Hitler and his leadership of Germany. She made no secret of her love of Hitler and his government.
-Nancy was the most normal of the three sisters and despite the fact that they had been close as children, their closeness waned after Diane and Unity became so political. Nancy was a novelist who often poked fun at her sisters and other important people in society in her books. She had some interest in the fascist movement in England but when the war became imminent, she made a choice to support the English government and helped the government when her two sisters were accused of being spies.

The author did extensive research into the sisters and the political climate that existed in England between the two world wars. This is a story about family and the love between sisters but more importantly it's about one sister making a choice between her loyalty to her family and her loyalty for her country.

Rated 4 of 5 of 5 by Rebecca
Women who could change the world
Marie Benedict never fails to find women live in the shadows of great men yet have the power to change or affect history. The Mitford sisters certainly fit this category and Ms. Benedict has recreated their stories in a way that is so fascinating. Diana and Unity, especially, who flirted and dined with Hitler putting even their lives on the line to support him. Even while he threatens their own Homeland. They are a study in what can happen to women who become enthralled with powerful men. My sympathies lied with their sister Nancy who tried to make sense of the insanity surrounding her sisters actions and treason and ultimately had to make a decision to protect her beloved country. This book has definitely inspired me to do more research on these fascinating sisters.

Rated 2 of 5 of 5 by IBrau
Poorly written
This was a pretty poor read as historical novels go. The amount of information crammed into the first chapters of who was who and what was mind-boggling and ridiculous…like Downtown Abbey on steroids. I was appalled at the bad German and the stereotypical descriptions of just about everyone in the story but especially the Germans…reminded me of the danger of describing everyone of a particular nationality in negative terms. Nancy was too righteous, Diana too flawed, and Unity too idiotic. Finally, the book seemed to be bragging about the Mitford’s relationships with everyone in society at the time more than actually telling a story. So, to sum it up: not even a good summer read.

Rated 2 of 5 of 5 by Teddy Ostrow
Meh
Features that sort of bad historical novel writing where people don't talk normally, they announce information like "Don't you know it's 1925 and the Charleston is the rage?" Also it's clear a Brit didn't write this, the slang is wrong and seeing how many times you can mention those goofy Mitford family nicknames like Muv and Farve and Debbo and Prod gets old. With subjects like this the book should have been a lot better.

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Fascism in Pre-War England

In Marie Benedict's historical novel The Mitford Affair, much of the narrative focuses on the rise of fascism in Great Britain before World War II.

Merriam-Webster defines fascism as "a political philosophy, movement, or regime…that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition." Today, in the context of WWII, most think primarily of fascism in Hitler's Germany or Mussolini's Italy, but in fact the movement had its advocates in other countries as well, including the United Kingdom and the United States.

The years after World War I saw massive social upheaval across the globe, and Great Britain was far from immune. The British Empire was crumbling, in large part due to a postwar rise in Indian nationalism and growing calls to end the crown's administration there. The nation's working classes, too, were inspired by the rise of socialism in other countries, such as the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, which promised a leveling of society, more equitable distribution of power and wealth, and more say in government policy. The British Parliament, elected and run by landowners until 1918, was forced to give the vote to working men and women out of concern they'd stage a revolution if not given more power.

Fearing an overthrow of the status quo, many in the upper echelons of power began to push for a return to conservative policies. This faction looked to Mussolini's successes in Italy, and as a result the British Fascisti (BF) was formed in 1923 — the country's first explicitly fascist political party. The BF mostly attracted support from ultra-conservatives; its membership was small, and its ideology wasn't well-defined. The BF consequently didn't have much pull and was considered a fringe group, mostly ignored by the press and public. Its different factions split off as they sought to influence the direction of fascism in Britain.

Mainstream acceptance of fascism began to grow in 1932, when Sir Oswald Mosley, Sixth Baronet of Ancoats, founded the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Extremely popular and charismatic, Mosley was one of the youngest individuals ever elected to parliament, where he served from 1918–1924. When he announced his formation of a new political party, it attracted the public's attention and, at first, a lot of support. Mosley's primary thrust was economic — the Great Depression was at its height and unemployment stood at over 22% — and Mosley advocated implementing strict economic reforms to restore the financial health of the nation. As the movement gained momentum, however, it began to lean farther and farther toward the policies espoused by Mussolini and Hitler, advocating nationalistic ideals, the silencing of opposing viewpoints (sometimes physically) and virulent antisemitism.

Plaque commemorating the Battle of Cable StreetIt's believed that BUF had 50,000 members at its peak, but as it attracted more Nazi sympathizers it began to lose public support. Encounters with protesters became increasingly violent, culminating in the Battle of Cable Street on October 4, 1936, where up to 5,000 members of BUF staged a march through London's East End, inhabited by a sizeable Jewish population. A large number of counter-protesters met them (estimates range from 100,000 to over 300,000). BUF members were ultimately redirected away from the area by police and later claimed they were denied free speech.

BUF was never a pacifist organization, but it did advocate peace with Germany and Italy (the countries with whom its positions aligned). It lost its credibility when Britain declared war on Germany after Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, as the country largely coalesced around the war effort. In 1940, the British government passed Defense Regulation 18B, which allowed for the incarceration of those deemed a threat to national security. Mosley was interred until 1943, along with his wife, Diana Mitford, and about 1,000 of his followers.

Plaque commemorating the Battle of Cable Street at at 3-5 Dock Street, Whitechapel, London E1 8JN, courtesy of Open Plaques

Filed under Society and Politics

By Kim Kovacs

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