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Walter E. Fernald and the Struggle to Care for America's Disabled
by Alex Green
The rise, fall, and redemption of the doctor behind America's first public school for mentally disabled people.
From the moment he became superintendent of the nation's oldest public school for intellectually and developmentally disabled children in 1887 until his death in 1924, Dr. Walter E. Fernald led a wholesale transformation of our understanding of disabilities in ways that continue to influence our views today. How did the man who designed the first special education class in America, shaped the laws of entire nations, and developed innovative medical treatments for the disabled slip from idealism into the throes of eugenics before emerging as an opponent of mass institutionalization? Based on a decade of research, A Perfect Turmoil is the story of a doctor, educator, and policymaker who was unafraid to reverse course when convinced by the evidence, even if it meant going up against some of the most powerful forces of his time.
In this landmark work, Alex Green has drawn upon extensive, unexamined archives to unearth the hidden story of one of America's largely forgotten, but most complex, conflicted, and significant figures.
2025 National Book Critics Circle Award Finalists
Here's the list of the 2025 National Book Critics Circle Award finalists. Which have you read and which are standouts? Are there any you'd like to add to your list that you haven't already? Autobiography/Memoir : Memorial Days by Geraldine Brooks (Viking) Mother Mary Comes to Me by Arundhati Roy ...
-kim.kovacs
National Book Critics Circle Awards, 2026
"Enthralling... . A gripping intellectual history of a major societal sea change." —Publishers Weekly (starred review)
"Fernald (1859-1924) was a pioneer in recognizing and helping people with developmental disabilities. He left a very mixed legacy, explored by Green in this deeply researched biography." —Washington Post
"America has a tragic history of mistreating the intellectually and developmentally disabled, full of Dickensian institutions, barbaric procedures, and malevolent eugenic programs. Much of it remains untold. Alex Green has made an invaluable contribution to our knowledge of this history by tirelessly digging through the archives and eloquently telling the story of Walter E. Fernald." —Adam Cohen, author of Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck
"A Perfect Turmoil is a riveting examination of not just the life of Fernald, but the rapidly changing political and social attitudes of his time. With a historian's eye for detail and a novelist's skill for storytelling, Green never loses sight of the mercy and humanity of his controversial subject, as he explores a lost chapter in American history that continues to shape our lives today." —Ann Leary, author of The Good House and The Foundling
This information about A Perfect Turmoil was first featured
in "The BookBrowse Review" - BookBrowse's membership magazine, and in our weekly "Publishing This Week" newsletter. Publication information is for the USA, and (unless stated otherwise) represents the first print edition. The reviews are necessarily limited to those that were available to us ahead of publication. If you are the publisher or author and feel that they do not properly reflect the range of media opinion now available, send us a message with the mainstream reviews that you would like to see added.
Any "Author Information" displayed below reflects the author's biography at the time this particular book was published.
Alex Green teaches political communications at Harvard Kennedy School and is a visiting fellow at the Harvard Law School Project on Disability and a visiting scholar at Brandeis University Lurie Institute for Disability Policy. He has piloted a nationally recognized disability history curriculum for high school students, developed and taught the first graduate disability policy course offered at the University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Public Policy, and is the author of legislation to create a first-of-its-kind, disability-led human rights commission to investigate the history of state institutions for disabled people in Massachusetts. He lives outside of Boston. A Perfect Turmoil: Walter E. Fernald and the Struggle to Care for America's Disabled is his first book.
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