This Year in History: 1709
For the last few years, when the vacation and holiday seasons come around and
the news stories start to dry up, I've looked back in time to previous centuries
to find something newsworthy. Today, please join me on a whistle stop tour 300
years back in time to the year 1709 ....
An usually cold weather front hit Northern Europe on January 6 (believed to be
the coldest period for 500 years). The Great Freeze lasted three months but the
effects were felt all year. The seas around the coast of Britain and Northern
France froze over, crops failed and in Paris alone 24,000 died. In London, the
Thames froze solid and markets took place on the ice. Some suggest that the
freeze was caused by volcanic eruptions of Mount Fuji in Japan and, to a lesser
extent, Santorini and Vesuvius in Europe.
Although
it was a very cold winter it was not entirely out of character – 1709 was one of
the 24 winters between 1408 and 1814 (a period broadly known as the "Little Ice
Age") in which the Thames froze in London. Although the people at the time
probably didn't think much of the weather, music lovers have reason to be
grateful for the Little Ice Age as Antonio Stradivari created his finest
instruments between 1698 and 1725 and it has been proposed that the particularly
cold climate caused the wood used in his violins to be denser than in warmer
periods, contributing to the tone of his instruments.
In February 1709, Scotsman Alexander Selkirk was rescued after being marooned
on one of the Juan Fernández Islands off the coast of Chile for four years. Fortunately for him he didn't return to Great Britain (which had been formed in
his absence by the 1707 Act of Union that joined Scotland and England together
as one kingdom) until sometime after the Great Frost, but when he did he was
interviewed by Richard Steele and the resulting article is said to be the
inspiration for Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719); and his experience
was also immortalized by poet William Cowper in The Solitude of Alexander
Selkirk, the opening line of which gave rise to the expression monarch of
all I survey.
I am monarch of all I survey,
My right there is none to dispute;
From the centre all round to the sea,
I am lord of the fowl and the brute.
While Selkirk was celebrating his rescue, Richard Steele was busy founding
Tatler, which in its first incarnation was a satirical journal. It folded after two years but made repeated returns over the next two centuries until
being reformed as a society magazine in 1901, which it remains today.
Meanwhile, Europe was in the throes of the
War of Spanish Succession. The war was caused by the possible unification of Spain and France under one monarch
which would have resulted in a significant shift in the balance of European power.
1709 saw the bloodiest clash of the war when Great Britain, Netherlands and
Austria, led by John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, defeated the French at the
Battle of Malplaquet. Few today know of the Battle of Maplaquet but most will
know the song For He's A Jolly Good Fellow which was composed following the
battle using the same tune that the French were using to sing Mort et convoi
de l'invincible Malbrough (The Death and Burial of the Invincible
Marlborough) – a burlesque lament on the incorrectly reported death of Marlbough following the battle. Three hundred years later, For He's a Jolly Good Fellow is considered the second most popular song in the English language (after Happy Birthday) and apparently Mort et convoy .. remains one of France's most popular folk songs.
Back in England,
Alexander Pope published Pastorals which brought him
almost overnight fame, and his friend Jonathan Swift was busy with a number of
writings including Baucis and Philemon and A Description of the
Morning. Meanwhile the southern English counties of Kent and Surrey played
the first inter-county cricket match; and further north in Shropshire,
Abraham Darby
pioneered a method of producing high-grade iron in a blast furnace fuelled by coke (rather than charcoal) which was a major step forward in the progress of the Industrial Revolution. While in London, the British Parliament passed the
Statute of Anne, the first modern copyright act; the Worshipful Company of Fan
Makers was incorporated by Royal Charter; and ten ships left London carrying
over 4,000 people to the New York colony.
Elsewhere in Europe - in Portugal, Bartholome de Gusmao was immortalized as the
Flying Priest after flying one kilometer over Lisbon in a hot air balloon
believed to have looked something like this; Peter the Great of Russia won a
pivotal victory against the Swedes at the Battle of Poltava, in the Great
Northern War, effectively ending Sweden's role as a major European power and
beginning
Russia's; somewhere in France the
folding umbrella was invented and in
Italy 'genre painting' depicting everyday scenes such as Giuseppe Crespi's "The
Flea" was growing in popularity.
Davina Morgan-Witts - BookBrowse Editor
More "This
Year in History"
Images:
1. The Thames Frost Fair of 1683
2. Antonio Stradivari
3. Statue of Alexander Selkirk in Lower Largo, Scotland
4. John Churchill (c. 1685–1690) by John Closterman.
5. Alexander Pope (c.1727)
6. Jonathan Swift
7. The Passarola, the first known aircraft to fly - 74 years before the
Montgolfier brothers' hot-air balloons
8. "The Flea" by Giuseppe Maria Crespi
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Talking
of Shakespeare, the bard is in good voice in 1609, publishing two books of
poetry: The Sonnets (mostly written before 1600) and A Lover's
Complaint; and two plays: Pericles, Prince of Tyre and Troilus and
Cressida. His contemporaries, Thomas Middleton and Ben Jonson,
are also busy publishing their own works. Elsewhere, in Naples, the
outlawed (for killing a man in a brawl) painter, Michelangelo Merisi da
Carravagio, completes at least four great works including
