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An Interview with Toni Morrison

Paradise is set in Oklahoma for historical reasons, yet its vast open spaces and straight, endless roads are well-suited for the novel's themes of isolation and exposure, and your descriptions of the landscape are moving and evocative. What did you learn in your research about Oklahoma that you didn't already know? Did you visit there? If so, what were your impressions of the state?
I have visited Oklahoma and was impressed by its natural beauty -- so unlike the "Grapes of Wrath" scenes. What I learned was the nature of the promise it held for African-Americans looking for safety and prosperity -- some highly successful stories and some failures.

The persecution of one community by another is, unfortunately, nothing new. But you approach this subject from an unusual perspective that originates in a somewhat forgotten moment in our nation's history: the black migration from east to west in the late 19th century. How did you arrive at this topic? What came first: the history or your message?
The migration was familiar, but its consequences were provocative to me.

It's hard to fault the founders of Haven and Ruby for wanting to find a secure, protected place for their families to grow and thrive. Do you think it's possible for a community to ward off negative influences without giving into the intolerance and bigotry that plagued Ruby? Is the attempt to establish a utopian community inherently wrong? What do you think of the different kinds of communities that are popping up all over the country: gated communities, intentional communities, or the Florida town of Celebration?
Exclusivity, like in Paradise, is about deciding who is unworthy. The seeds of destruction lie in the definition of "chosen-ness" and can easily blossom into bigotry. It's not inevitable but it needs constant care to avoid.

Your novels seem to be gradually moving away from linear narratives toward those that are more circular. Is this part of your development as a writer or do you think you'll return to linear narratives? How have you created a narrative technique that helps you tell the stories you want to tell?
The narrative itself demands the structure. If a tale is better told in a straightforward manner, I would choose a linear construction.

How do you respond to criticism that too many of the novel's male characters are selfish and narrow-minded, while the women -- even the less likable ones -- are conciliatory and sympathetic?
Such comments seem to me "selfish and narrow-minded." It's like complaining that Othello is "selfish" and Desdemona "sympathetic" -- irrelevant.

Which part of Paradise was most difficult for you to write and why? Which parts were the easiest? When you set out to write a novel as ambitious as this, how do you maintain your energy for the story without sacrificing either the quality or the passion of the writing?
The opening chapter is the most difficult because it carries an enormous burden, but none of it is easy. One needs enormous -- but not continuous -- powers of concentration over several years (in this case, five years) to maintain the requirements of the narrative.

What is your idea of Paradise? Does it, or can it exist on earth?
It should and ought to.